Schwartz J, Norris G, Larson T, Sheppard L, Claiborne C, Koenig J.Genetic and environmental factors associated with asthma. Bener A, Abdulrazzaq YM, Al-Mutawwa J, Debuse P.Effects of temperature and snowfall on mortality in Pennsylvania. Gorjanc ML, Flanders WD, VanDerslice J, Hersh J, Malilay J.Glass RI, Zack MM., Jr Increase in deaths from ischaemic heart-disease after blizzards.The potential impacts of climate variability and change on temperature-related morbidity and mortality in the United States. Coccidioidomycosis in Tulare County, California, 1991: reemergence of an endemic disease. Durry E, Pappagianis D, Werner SB, Hutwagner L, Sun RK, Maurer M, McNeil MM, Pinner RW.Coccidioidomycosis: a reemerging infectious disease. Using remotely sensed data to identify areas at risk for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Glass GE, Cheek JE, Patz JA, Shields TM, Doyle TJ, Thoroughman DA, Hunt DK, Enscore RE, Gage KL, Irland C, et al.Immediate health effects of an urban wildfire. Respiratory health hazards and lung function in wildland firefighters. An epidemiological description of lightning-related deaths in the United States. The respiratory health impact of a large urban fire. Lipsett M, Waller K, Shusterman D, Thollaug S, Brunner W.The 1987 forest fire disaster in California: assessment of emergency room visits. The St Croix disaster and the National Disaster Medical System. Roth PB, Vogel A, Key G, Hall D, Stockhoff CT.
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Global assessment of El Niño's disaster burden.
1984 big weather events pdf#
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (420K). Epidemiologic studies of health effects beyond the direct impacts of disaster will provide a more accurate measure of the full health impacts and will assist in planning and resource allocation. Future research on health impacts of extreme weather events should focus on improving climate models to project any trends in regional extreme events and as a result improve public health preparedness and mitigation. There are many federal, state, and local government agencies and nongovernmental organizations involved in planning for and responding to natural disasters in the United States. Relevant variables include building codes, warning systems, disaster policies, evacuation plans, and relief efforts.
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The health impacts of extreme weather events hinge on the vulnerabilities and recovery capacities of the natural environment and the local population. Secondary effects, mediated by changes in ecologic systems and public health infrastructure, also occur. Injury and death are the direct health impacts most often associated with natural disasters. Frequencies of tornadoes and hurricanes cannot reliably be projected. Future climate scenarios show likely increases in the frequency of extreme precipitation events, including precipitation during hurricanes, raising the risk of floods. Increases in heavy precipitation have occurred over the past century. Climate change may alter the frequency, timing, intensity, and duration of these events. Extreme weather events such as precipitation extremes and severe storms cause hundreds of deaths and injuries annually in the United States.